서울의 주위를 둘러싸고 있는 조선시대의 도성(都城)이다.
조선 건국 초에 태조가 한양으로 수도를 옮기기 위하여 궁궐과 종묘를 먼저 지은 후, 태조 4년(1395) 도성축조도감을 설치하고 한양을 방위하기 위해 성곽을 쌓도록 하였다. 석성과 토성으로 쌓은 성곽에는 4대문과 4소문을 두었다. 4대문은 동의 흥인지문 ·서의 돈의문 ·남의 숭례문 ·북의 숙정문이고, 4소문은 동북의 홍화문 ·동남의 광희문 ·서북의 창의문 ·서남의 소덕문을 말한다. 동대문에만 성문을 이중으로 보호하기 위한 옹성을 쌓았고, 북문인 숙정문은 원래 숙청문이었는데 이 숙청문은 비밀통로인 암문으로 문루(門樓)를 세우지 않았다.
세종 4년(1422)에 대대적으로 고쳤는데, 흙으로 쌓은 부분을 모두 돌로 다시 쌓고 공격 ·방어 시설을 늘렸다. 숙종 30년(1704)에는 정사각형의 돌을 다듬어 벽면이 수직이 되게 쌓았는데 이는 축성기술이 근대화되었음을 보여준다. 이처럼 서울 성곽은 여러 번에 걸친 수리를 하였으나, 쌓는 방법과 돌의 모양이 각기 달라 쌓은 시기를 구분할 수 있다. 일제시대에는 도시계획이라는 구실로 성문과 성벽을 무너뜨렸고, 해방과 한국전쟁으로 인해 더욱 많이 파괴되었다.
현재 삼청동 ·장충동 일대의 성벽 일부와 숭례문 ·흥인지문 ·홍예문만이 남아있다. 서울 성곽은 조선시대 성 쌓는 기술의 변화과정을 살펴볼 수 있는 좋은 자료이며, 조상들이 나라를 지키려는 호국정신이 깃든 귀중한 문화유산이다.
※ 광희문은 서울성곽의 사소문 중에 동남방향에 있는 성문이다. 서울성곽이 축성된 1396년에 지어졌으며, 수구문이라고도 불렀다. 속칭 남소문이라고도 한다. 광희문은 1711년에 개축하였으며, 성문 위 문루는 1719년에 이르러 완성되었다. 광희문이라는 편액은 이때 써 붙였다. 그후 6.25 전쟁으로 문루와 서문 위 여장은 파괴되었으며, 1976년에 고증을 거쳐 북원하였다. 지금의 광희문은 도로를 개통하면서 원래 위치에서 약간 남쪽으로 옮겨 복원한 것이다.
※ 서울성곽 → 서울 한양도성 으로 명칭변경 되었습니다.(2011.07.28 고시)
The capital of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), Hanyang (present-day Seoul), was protected by fortress walls whose construction was begun just after King Taejo (r. 1392-1398), the founder of the dynasty, completed the royal palace (Gyeongbokgung) and the royal ancestral shrine (Jongmyo). The construction of the walls and other related defensive facilities was supervised by a special government agency established in 1395, four years after the founder of the Joseon Dynasty acceded to the throne.
Hanyang City Wall had four main gates, Heunginjimun in the east, Donuimun in the west, Sungnyemun in the south and Sukjeongmun in the north, and four auxiliary gates, Honghwamun in the northeast, Gwanghuimun in the southeast, Changuimun in the northwest, and Sodeongmun in the southwest. The East Gate (Heunginjimun) had an extra defensive structure known as a barbican, whereas the North Gate (Sukjeongmun, or Sukcheongmun) lacked a tall gatehouse but had a postern called a “hidden entrance” (Ammun).
In 1422, King Sejong (r. 1418-1450) ordered large-scale repairs of the fortress walls, resulting in the replacement of all the earthen wall sections by stone walls and the renovation of all the offensive and defensive facilities. This was followed by another major renovation project conducted in 1704 at the order of King Sukjong (1674-1720). The renovation work involved the “modern” technique of piling up neatly hewn square stones to give the walls vertical faces. These and other renovations conducted in different periods each left distinctive marks on the walls due to the use of different techniques and stones of different shapes. The fortress suffered severe disruption during the early 20th century due to the implementation of an ill-conceived urban plan by the Japanese colonial rulers. Further disruptions followed in the wake of the turmoil caused by the Liberation in 1945 and the Korean War (1950-53).
Today, the original features of the fortress can be seen in the walls remaining in Samcheong-dong and Jangchung-dong, and in certain gatehouses such as Heunginjimun. Hanyang City Wall in Seoul is regarded as a tangible example of the patriotism of the Korean people in the Joseon Period and as a valuable part of Korea’s historic heritage, providing a wealth of information on wall-building techniques and other architectural elements developed in the period.
One of the four auxiliary gates of Hanyang City Wall, Gwanghuimun, was built in 1396, and has been known by other names such as Sugumun (“Water Gate”) and Namsomun (“Small South Gate”). It underwent major renovation work between 1711 and 1719, with its new name plaque hung in that year. The gate lost its pavilion-style structure and part of the battlement on the western wall during the Korean War, but these features were restored in 1976. The current gatehouse was moved slightly south of the original site due to the building of a new road.
This earthen fortification near the Hangang River was built during the early days of Baekje (18 B.C. - 660). The fortress wall was originally 4 km long, but about half of the wall was washed away in a flood in 1925, leaving a section of only 2.7 km. The fortress was built in an oval shape, and there is evidence that there were four gates on the east side. The wall, now covered with weeds, was built by pounding layers of sandy earth.
Many artifacts were excavated from the site, including items of undecorated plain pottery, Silla-style earthenware, fishnet sinkers, spindle whorls and ceramic tile shards, which suggest that the area was inhabited even before the foundation of Baekje.
Opinions vary on the nature of the fortress, with some scholars believing that it was part of the walled city of Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in its earliest stage, and others insisting that it is just an ordinary fortress built for defense purposes. Many specialists consider the site to be related in some way to other Baekje remains in Seoul such as Mongchontoseong Fortress and the Seokchon-dong Tomb Complex.
首尔汉阳都城是沿首尔外围而建的朝鲜时代的都城。朝鲜建国初期太祖为了迁都汉阳先修建了宫殿与宗庙，太祖4年(1395)设置了都城筑造都监，并下令修筑城郭以守护汉阳。由石城与土城组成的城郭设置了四大门与四小门，四大门是指东兴仁之门·西敦义门·南崇礼门·北肃靖门，四小门是指东北弘化门·东南光熙门·西北彰义门·西南昭德门，仅在东大门上修筑了双重保护城门的瓮城，北门肃靖门原名为肃清门，肃清门是秘密通路暗门，未修建门楼。现在仅剩下三清洞·奖忠洞一带的部分城墙与南大门·东大门·东北门·虹霓门。首尔汉阳都城是可了解朝鲜时代筑城技术变化过程的宝贵资料，也是弘扬祖先护国精神的宝贵文化遗产。
ソウル城郭は、ソウルの周りを囲んでいる朝鮮時代の都城である。朝鮮建国初期に太祖が首都を漢陽に移すために宮と宗廟を先に建て、その後太祖4年(1395)に都城築造都監を設け、漢陽を防衛するために城郭を築くことを命じた。石城と土城で築いた城郭には、四大門と四小門を置いたが、四大門は東の興仁之門・西の敦義門・南の崇礼門・北の肅靖門のことであり、四小門は東北の弘化門・東南の光煕門・西北の彰義門・西南の昭徳門のことを指し、東大門にだけ城の門を二重で保護するための甕城を築いている。北門である肅靖門は元々肅清門であったが、この肅清門は秘密の通路である暗門であったため、門楼を建てなかった。現在、三清洞と•奨忠洞一帯の城壁一部と南大門・東大門・東北門・弘礼門だけが残っている。ソウル城郭は朝鮮時代の城を築く技術変化過程が分かる良い資料であり、昔の人たちの国を守ろうとする護国精神が込められた貴重な文化遺産である。
